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英文通用名 chlorpyrifos
其他名称 乐斯本
毒性 毒死蜱属中等杀虫剂,是一个传统的有机磷杀虫剂。对眼睛有轻度刺激，对皮肤有明显刺激，长时间接触会产生灼伤。在试验剂量下未见致畸、致突变、致癌作用。对鱼和水生动物毒性较高，对蜜蜂有毒。
剂型 乐斯本40.7%乳油，杀死虫蓝珠14%颗粒剂。
特点 毒死蜱具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用。在叶片上残留期不长，但在土壤中残留期较长，因此对地下害虫防治效果较好，对烟草有药害。 适用范围 适用于水稻、小麦、棉花、果树、蔬菜、茶树上多种咀嚼式和刺吸式口器害虫，也可用于防治卫生害虫。
| Synonyms | Chlorpyrifos |
|---|---|
| Dursban | |
| Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) ester | |
| Analytical Method | EPA Method 8141A |
| Molecular Formula | C9H11Cl3NO3PS |
| Use | ACARICIDE It has a broad range of insecticidal activity and is effective by contact, ingestion and vapor action, but is not systemic. Used for control of flies, household pests, mosquitoes (larvae and adults) and of various crop pests in soil and on foliage; also used for control of ectoparasites on cattle and sheep. EFFECTIVE AGAINST CATTLE & SHEEP TICKS & PSOROPTIC MANGE IN SHEEP BY DIPPING (0.1%) & TURKEY CHIGGERS BY SOIL TREATMENT (4 LB/ACRE OR 448 MG/SQ M ). |
| Consumption Patterns | INSECTICIDE USED ON CORN, 39%; ALFALFA, 6%; COTTON, 3%; SORGHUM, 1%; OTHER FIELD CROPS-EG, CITRUS & DECIDUOUS FRUITS/NUTS, 21%; NON-AGRICULTURAL USES, 31% (1982) (1978) 4.00X10 9 G (CONSUMPTION) (1982) 3.27X10 9 G (CONSUMPTION) |
| Apparent Color | WHITE GRANULAR CRYSTALS ; Colorless crystals |
| Odor | MILD MERCAPTAN ODOR |
| Melting Point | 41-42 DEG C |
| Molecular Weight | 350.59 |
| Density | 1.398 at 43.5 deg C (liquid) |
| Sensitivity Data | May be irritating to skin and eyes. |
| Environmental Impact | Chlorpyrifos is released into the environment primarily from its application as an insecticide. If released to soil, chloropyrifos can degrade by a combination of chemical hydrolysis and microbial degradation. The chemical hydrolysis is clay catalyzed and yields a primary degradation product of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Volatilization from soil surfaces, is expected to contribute to its loss from soil. Chlorpyrifos is tightly absorbed by soil and not expected to leach significantly. Although a general soil persistence of 60-120 days has been reported, the persistence can vary greatly depending on soil type, climate, and conditions and has been experimentally measured to range from as little as 2 weeks to over 1 year. If released to water, chlorpyrifos partitions significantly from the water column to sediments. The measured hydrolysis half-life at 25 deg C at (or near) neutral conditions is 35-78 days. The hydrolysis rate is relatively independent of pH from pH 1 to pH 7, increases significantly under alkaline conditions, decreases 2.5-3 fold with 10 deg C temperature decrease, is markedly enhanced by the presence of Cu( 2) ions in sufficient concentration, and is not affected by adsorption to sediments in acidic or neutral water. The hydrolysis products include 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and various trichloropyridyl phosphorothioates. The photolysis half-life at the water surface in the US during the mid summer is about 3 to 4 weeks, however, photolysis is not expected to be a very significant removal mechanism in relatively deep waters, in the winter-time, or in any natural waters containing sufficient light attenuating material. Microbial degradation may contribute to removal in some natural waters. The volatilization half-life from a river one meter deep flowing 1m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec is estimated to be 5.7 days; however, the significance of volatilization may be greatly decreased by aquatic sediment adsorption. Experimental and estimated log BCF values ranging from 2.50 to 3.54 indicate potential significant bioconcentration. The desorption from sediments can contribute to long term residual concentration in the water column (low ppb). If released to air, chlorpyrifos will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical half-life of 13.74 hours, but it is not expected to react with ozone. Photolysis in air may contribute to its transformation. Major general population exposure to chlorpyrifos will occur through consumption of contaminated food and inhalation of contaminated air. Occupational exposure by dermal and inhalation routes may be significant. |
| Environmental Fate | MODERATELY RESIDUAL ON PLANT SURFACES, QUITE RESIDUAL ON INERT SURFACES SUCH AS WOOD/. VOLATILE ENOUGH TO FORM RESIDUES ON NEARBY SURFACES HALF-LIFE OF CHLORPYRIFOS IN SEDIMENT-WATER STUDIES RANGED FROM 1.2 TO 34 DAYS & WERE IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER OF INCREASING PERSISTENCE: METHYL PARATHION, PERMETHRIN, BENTHIOCARB, AC 222,705, CHLORPYRIFOS, & FENVALERATE. AFTER TERMINATION OF THE EXPOSURE, EACH INSECTICIDE WAS DEPURATED BY OYSTERS TO NONDETECTABLE CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN 1 WK. TERRESTRIAL FATE: When released to soil, chlorpyrifos can degrade by a combination of chemical hydrolysis and microbial degradation. The chemical hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by clay and yields a primary degradation product of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, occurs in both dry and moist soils. Microbial degradation may be significant in various soils as indicated by significantly faster degradation rates in non-sterile versus sterile soil. Laboratory experiments have indicated that volatilization from soil surfaces under field conditions is expected to contribute to its loss from soil. Photodegradation on soil surfaces may occur, but is not expected to be competitive with other fate processes. Measured Koc values ranging from 4381 to 13600 and various field studies indicate that chlorpyrifos is tightly absorbed to soil and not expected to leach significantly. A general soil persistence of 60-120 days has been reported . An initial half-life of 10 days was measured in a paddy soil with residual chlorpyrifos remaining after 60 days . The initial half-lives in field plots of sandy and muck soils were 2 and 8 weeks, respectively, with 4% and 9% remaining after one year, respectively . A persistence of 2-4 weeks was measured in a sandy loam soil . Persistence of 180 days was measured in a field soil receiving normal application rates . A field study with silt loam soil showed that chlorpyrifos disappeared 2-3 times faster from generally dry surfaces than when incorporated or applied beneath the soil surface(6,SRC). Dislodgeable residue of chlorpyrifos dissipates rapidly from turfgrass from 0.15 ug/sq m 2 hrs after application to approximately 0.015 ug/sq m at 96 hrs after application(7). AQUATIC FATE: When released to water, chlorpyrifos partitions significantly from the water column to sediments. It hydrolyzes in water at a rate which is relatively independent of pH from pH 1 to pH 7 and has a measured hydrolysis half-life of 35 to 78 days at 25 deg C at (or near) neutral conditions. The hydrolysis rate increases significantly under alkaline conditions, decreases two-and-half to three-fold with a 10 deg C decrease in temperature, is markedly enhanced by the presence of Cu( 2) ions in sufficient concentration, and is not affected by adsorption to sediments in acidic or neutral water. The hydrolysis products include 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and various trichloropyridyl phosphorothioates. The photolysis half-life in the US during the mid summer is about 3 to 4 weeks at surface-water conditions, but decreases significantly with increased water depth, the presence of material in natural water which lessened light intensity, and decreased hours of sunlight exposure. Microbial degradation may contribute to chlorpyrifos removal from natural water as indicated by faster degradation rates in various non-sterile versus sterilized waters. The volatilization half-life from a river one meter deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec is estimated to be 5.76 days; however, the potential significance of volatilization may be lessened greatly by adsorption to sediments. Experimental log BCF values of 2.88 and 3.54 indicates that chlorpyrifos will bioconcentrate significantly in various aquatic organisms. The desorption of chlorpyrifos from sediment can contribute to long term residual concentration in the water column(1,SRC). ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere in vapor-phase, chlorpyrifos will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated half-life of 13.7 hours , but is not expected to react with ozone. Photolysis may also contribute to its transformation. |
| Drinking Water Impact | SURFACE WATER: Chlorpyrifos was detected in 3 of 949 water samples taken from 11 agricultural watersheds in southern Ontario during 1975-1977 at concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 ppb to 1.6 ppb(1,2). Chlorpyrifos was qualitatively identified in waters from Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair . Waters from 21 wells and 2 springs located in a typically farmed, mostly agricultural PA watershed (the Mahantango Creek Watershed) were analyzed for 11 pesticides, including chlorpyrifos. Pesticides were selected according to a farm use survey, and samplings were made during Dec 1985, Aug 1986, and Mar/Apr 1987. Chlorpyrifos was applied in 1985 but not in 1986. No chlorpyrifos was found in any sampling (< 4 ng/l). |