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水质有机污染指标及其相互关系
一.溶解氧(Dissolved
Oxygen,DO)
溶解在水中的氧称为溶解氧,溶解氧以分子状态存在于水中。水中溶解氧量是水水质重要指标之一。
水中溶解氧含量受到两种作用的影响:一种是使DO下降的耗氧作甩,包括好氧有机物降解的耗氧,生物呼吸耗氧;另一种是使DO增加的复氧作用,主要有空气中氧的溶解,水生植物的光合作用等。这两种作用的相互消长,使水中溶解氧含量呈现出时空变化。
若以CH2O代表有机物,则有机物氧化分解反应式为:
CH2O+O2→CO2+H2O
如果水中有机物含量较多,其耗氧速度超过氧的补给速度,则水中DO量将不断减少,当水体受到有机物的污染时,水中溶解氧量甚至可接近于零,这时有机物在缺氧条件下分解就出现腐败发酵现象,使水质严重恶化。
天然水体中DO的数量,除与水体中的生物数量和有机物的数量有关外,还与水温和水层有关。在正常情况下地表水中溶解氧量为5-10mg/L,在有风浪时,海水中溶解氧可达14
mg/L,在水藻繁生的水体中,由于光合作用使放氧量增加,也可能使水中的氧达到过饱和状态,地下水中一般溶解氧较少,深层水中甚至完全无氧。
二.生化需氧量(Biochemical
Oxygen Demand,BOD)
地面水体中微生物分解有机物的过程消耗水中的溶解氧的量,称生化需氧量,通常记为BOD,常用单位为毫克/升。一般有机物在微生物作用下,其降解过程可分为两个阶段,第一阶段是有机物转化为二氧化碳、氨和水的过程,第二阶段则是氨进一步在亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的作用下,转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐,即所谓硝化过程。BOD一般指的是第一阶段生化反应的耗氧量。微生物分解有机物的速度和程度同温度、时间有关、最适宜的温度是15~30℃,从理论上讲,为了完成有机物的生物氧化需要无限长的时间,但是对于实际应用,可以认为反应可以在20天内完成,称为BOD20,根据实际经验发现,经5天培养后测得的BOD约占总BOD的70~80%,能够代表水中有机物的耗氧量。为使BOD值有可比性,因而采用在20℃条件下,培养五天后测定溶解氧消耗量作为标准方法,称五日生化需氧量,以BOD5表示。BOD反映水体中可被微生物分解的有机物总量,以每升水中消耗溶解氧的毫克数来表示。BOD小于1mg/L表示水体清洁;大于3-4mg/l,表示受到有机物的污染。但BOD的测定时间长;对毒性大的废水因微生物活动受到抑制,而难以准确测定。
三.化学需氧量(Chemical
Oxygen Demand,COD)
水体中能被氧化的物质在规定条件下进行化学氧化过程中所消耗氧化剂的量,以每升水样消耗氧的毫克数表示,通常记为COD。在COD测定过程中,有机物被氧化成二氧化碳和水。水中各种有机物进行化学氧化反应的难易程度是不同的,因此化学需氧量只表示在规定条件下,水中可被氧化物质的需氧量的总和。当前测定化学需氧量常用的方法有KMnO4和K2CrO7法,前者用于测定较清洁的水样,后者用于污染严重的水样和工业废水。同一水样用上述两种方法测定的结果是不同的,因此在报告化学需氧量的测定结果时要注明测定方法。
COD与BOD比较,COD的测定不受水质条件限制,测定的时间短。但是COD不能区分可被生物氧化的和难以被生物氧化的有机物不能表示出微生物所能氧化的有机物量,而且化学氧化剂不仅不能氧化全部有机物,反而会把某些还原性的无机物也氧化了。所以采用BOD作为有机物污染程度的指标较为合适,在水质条件限制不能做BOD测定时,可用COD代替。水质相对稳定条件下,COD与BOD之间有一定关系:一般重铬酸钾法COD>B
OD5>高锰酸钾法COD。
四.总有机碳(Total
Organic Carbon,TOC)与总需氧量(Total
Oxygen Demand,TOD)
由于BOD测定费时,为实现快速反映有机污染程度的目的,而采用TOC与TOD测定法。它们都是使用化学燃烧法,前者测定结果以C表示,后者则以O表示需养有机物的含氧。由于测定时耗氧过程不同,而且各种水中有机物成分不同,生化过程差别也较大,所以各种水质之间,TOC或TOD与BOD5不存在固定的相互关系。在水质条件基本相同的条件下,BOD5与TOC或TOD之间有一定相关性。
Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the quantity of a specified oxidant that
reacts with a sample under controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidant
consumed is expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. COD is expressed in
mg/L 02.
COD is often
measured as a rapid indicator of organic pollutant in water. It is normally
measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and gives
an indication of the efficiency of the treatment process. COD is measured on
both influent and effluent water. The efficiency of the treatment process is
normally expressed as COD Removal, measured as a percentage of the organic
matter purified during the cycle.
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an empirical test that determines the relative oxygen
requirements of wastewater, effluent and polluted waters. BOD tests measure the
molecular oxygen utilized during a specified incubation duration for the
biochemical degradation of organic material (carbonaceous demand) and the oxygen
used to oxidize inorganic material such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The most
common BOD test consists of a 5 day period in which a sample is placed in an
airtight bottle under controlled conditions temperature (20ºC ± 1ºC), keeping
any light from penetrating the sample to prevent photosynthesis. The Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) in the sample is measured before and after the 5 day incubation
period, and BOD is then calculated as the difference between initial and final
DO measurements. BOD can be considered a more "natural" test in determining the
oxygen required to oxidize organic matter, however it does not account for rapid
changes in conditions. COD is often preferred for daily analysis since it is
inherently more reproducible, accounts for changing conditions and takes a short
time to complete
Organic carbon in water and wastewater is composed of a variety of organic compounds in various oxidation states. Some can be oxidized further by chemical or biological processes, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) methods can be used to characterize these fractions. While Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is a more convenient and direct expression of total organic content than COD or BOD, it does not provide the same kind of information. If a repeatable relationship can be established between TOC and either COD or BOD, then TOC can be used as an estimate for COD or BOD for a specific source of water. The correlations must be established independently for each set of conditions including various points in the treatment process. Since TOC is independent of the oxidation state of the organic matter and does not measure inorganic or organically bound matter that can contribute to COD or BOD, TOC measurement cannot take the place of COD or BOD